Last week saw an unprecedented number of Mexican drug cartel kingpins and traffickers transferred from Mexico to US custody. A total of 29 in one day occurred with half a dozen extraditions occuring in the prior weeks.
On average for the last several years, Mexico has extradited around 60 cartel figures each year. So far, over half of that amount has been sent to the US so far this year. Most of the 29 had been captured in recent years during the AMLO administration with several stretching back to over a decade in Mexican custody.
Many had fought their extradition with numerous legal tactics and Amparos seeing to halt the legal process needed for extradition to the US. "Z-40," the CDN/Los Zetas leader even filed paperwork denying that he is the person listed in the indictments. One, "El Guerito" a Los Chapitos lieutenant had only been arrested days earlier in February.
So how did over a decade of legal proceedings for extraditing cartel members fall by the wayside after trade negotiations and the designation of cartel groups and FTO (Foreign Terrorist Organizations)? What provision is Mexico using to justify bypassing the legal extradition process in Mexico?
Our answer was confirmed during the first hearing of longtime DEA target Rafael Caro-Quintero in New York Federal Court. Judge Robert M. Levy clarified in court Caro Quintero was expelled from Mexico under a provision within the national security law, which permits the Mexican government to remove an individual without undergoing the formal extradition process.
US authorities employed different terms, “transfer,” said the Attorney General’s Office, “extradition,” said the White House, “expulsion,” said the State Department.Mexican Prosecutor General Alejandro Gertz clarified in a press conference that it was not an extradition, in accordance with the bilateral treaty on the matter between the two countries, but a “sending.” Security Secratery Omar García Harfuch spoke of a “transfer.” Gertz explained that the operation was carried out at the express request of the United States and that Mexico responded based on the National Security Law and the constitutional article that empowers the head of the government, President Claudia Sheinbaum, to preserve it.
Gertz has pointed out that Washington presented Mexico with a “formal,” “written,” and “concrete” request to carry out the operation specifically against the 29 drug lords within the framework of the Palermo Convention, the UN agreement to combat transnational organized crime that establishes guidelines on extradition (a recourse that, the official insisted, was not used).
“There was a well-founded request from the United States government, that was the reason why the whole procedure was triggered,” he said. Gertz added that the institutional mobilization was immediate. “Within hours [of receiving the request], the National Security Council was convened, the analysis was made at that meeting, the legal bases were established, to ensure they were fulfilled, and the procedure was carried out. It was a timely matter,” he indicated.
Expulsions
Rather than extraditing the cartel leaders to the US, they instead were Expelled under Mexico's national security laws. These expulsions did not need to be processed through the legal system, and do not fall under the extradition treaty signed by both countries.
Regarding US and Mexico's extradition treaty, signed in 1977 and updated in 1997. There are several classifications for removing someone from the country and to the United States for legal proceedings. Should the criminal have US or dual citizenship, like CDN leader "El Huevo" they can be quickly Deported without the need for several hearings as the US has a right to prosecute its own citizens.
Extradition is a legal procedure in which a Mexican judge has to grant a formal request from the United States in which evidence and prosecution plans are presented. This process can lead to years of delays including Amparos or injunctions being filed to suspend immediate extradition without a full hearing and process.
Seldom used, is a provision not included in the treaty but part of Mexico's constitution Article 89 for national security laws that allow for the Expulsion of persons, including Mexican citizens from the country should they pose a threat to the security of the country. Clearly drug cartels, especially with new terrorist designations fit that bill.
This expulsion allows for the US to seek the death penalty in several cases including Caro-Quintero's as normally the treaty does not allow for capital punishment to be sought as part of their extraditions according to Article 22 of the Mexican Constitution. The DOJ, in their press release announcing the transfer of the 29 prisoners, several had their potential sentences listed as the death penalty.
However, Gertz has stated that none of the bosses handed over can be executed. “We have a very clear agreement in the sense that legislation like Mexico’s, which does not have that punishment, must be respected in the countries where we have an agreement,” he indicated. “When an operation is subject to an international convention, as in this case, the conditions of that convention must be respected.”
Several kingpins including Caro-Quintero and Vicente Carrillo-Fuentes pleaded not guilty while lower level figures may plead guilty and likely cut deals to testify against higher ups. "El Hummer" said to be one of the founding members of Los Zetas entered a guilty plea last week in his case just as Z-40 and Z-42 were sent to the US.
Still remaining in Mexican prisons are notable figures like Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo and Abigail González-Valencia, "El Cuini."
Sources El Pais, Borderland Beat